FACTS

• Depression affects over 264 million people globally.

• Symptoms include persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, low energy levels, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

• Causes of depression involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

• Types of depression include major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder, and bipolar disorder.

• Treatment options include psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.

• Depression can impair relationships, work or school performance, and overall well-being.

• Seeking professional help is important for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

• Reducing stigma surrounding depression is essential for support and understanding.

CAUSES

• Biological factors:

  1. Imbalances in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

  2. Family history of depression or other mental health disorders, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

  3. Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause.

• Psychological factors:

  1. Chronic stress, such as financial difficulties, relationship problems, or work-related stress.

  2. Traumatic or distressing life events, such as the loss of a loved one, abuse, or a major life change.

  3. Low self-esteem or a negative self-image.

  4. Prolonged feelings of loneliness or social isolation.

• Environmental factors:

  1. Childhood trauma or adverse experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or witnessing violence.

  2. Substance abuse or dependence on alcohol or drugs.

  3. Living in a dysfunctional or abusive family environment.

  4. Lack of social support or a limited support system.

• Personality traits and coping styles:

  1. Having a pessimistic or negative outlook on life.

  2. Difficulty coping with stress or adapting to changes.

  3. Perfectionism or excessively high self-expectations.

  4. Tendency to ruminate or dwell on negative thoughts.

• Medical conditions and medications:

  1. Chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease.

  2. Certain medications, including some used to treat high blood pressure, sleep disorders, or hormonal imbalances.

  3. Hormonal changes associated with thyroid problems or hormonal disorders.

• Substance abuse:

  1. Substance abuse or addiction can contribute to the onset or worsening of depression.

  2. Substance abuse can disrupt brain chemistry and exacerbate depressive symptoms.

SYMPTOMS

• Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness.

• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.

• Significant changes in appetite, either overeating or loss of appetite.

• Insomnia or excessive sleeping.

• Fatigue or loss of energy, feeling constantly tired.

• Restlessness or slowed movements and speech.

• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.

• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things.

• Irritability, agitation, or being easily provoked.

• Physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive problems, or unexplained aches and pains.

• Withdrawal from social activities, isolating oneself from friends and family.

• Recurring thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts.

Please note that experiencing a few of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate depression, but if you or someone you know is consistently experiencing several of these symptoms for an extended period.

THERAPY USED

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: This therapy helps individuals identify negative thought patterns and behaviors, and replace them with healthier alternatives for improved mental well-being.

• Interpersonal Therapy: IPT focuses on enhancing interpersonal relationships, addressing conflicts, and improving communication skills, all of which contribute to reducing depressive symptoms and promoting emotional growth.

• Psychodynamic Therapy: By exploring unconscious patterns, past experiences, and unresolved conflicts, psychodynamic therapy aims to increase self-awareness, provide insight into underlying issues, and promote emotional healing.

• Mindfulness-Based Therapies: Incorporating mindfulness techniques, such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), individuals develop the ability to observe their thoughts and emotions without judgment, leading to increased self-compassion and stress reduction.

• Behavioral Activation Therapy: This therapy focuses on helping individuals increase their engagement in positive and rewarding activities, which can counteract withdrawal, restore a sense of pleasure, and improve overall mood and motivation.

• Supportive Therapy: Providing emotional support, validation, and a safe space for individuals to express their feelings, concerns, and experiences, supportive therapy offers a compassionate environment that encourages healing and growth.

• Medication: In certain cases, antidepressant medications may be prescribed by psychiatrists or healthcare professionals to help alleviate depressive symptoms by balancing brain chemicals and improving mood regulation.

• Group Therapy: Group therapy provides a supportive environment where individuals with similar experiences can share and learn from one another. It promotes a sense of belonging, validation, and the development of coping skills to navigate depression more effectively.